More Black Men in Jail Than in College? Wrong!
Posted: February 28, 2013
Show Me the Numbers: A 13-year-old report using questionable data gave rise to an enduring myth.
(The Root)
-- What does the line "There are more black men in jail than in college"
have in common with the Jheri curl? Answer: They were invented by white
men (Jheri Redding and Vincent Schiraldi, respectively) and adopted
enthusiastically by black people, and they left a nasty stain on the
shoulders of millions of black men.
It's been more than 20 years since the Jheri curl faded away into infamy, and I'm proud to say that even in the 1980s, I never sported a curl. Unfortunately, I can't say the same about the line "There are more black men in jail than in college."
About six years ago I wrote, "In 2000, the Justice Policy Institute
(JPI) found evidence that more black men are in prison than in college,"
in my first "Breaking Barriers"
(pdf) report. At the time, I did not question the veracity of this
statement. The statement fit well among other stats that I used to
establish the need for more solution-focused research on black male
achievement.
I was in good company. The same year, at a 2007 NAACP forum, then-presidential candidate Barack Obama said, "We have more work to do when more young black men languish in prison than attend colleges and universities across America."
Both President Obama and I brought our own unique style to the line. I was deferential and academic, while President Obama was passionate and eloquent. In contrast, many people, like Charles Barkley, are reckless and aloof when they use the line. Recently he told Bob Costas, "You know, we as black people always, we don't have respect for one another. You know, we've got more black men in prison than we do in college, and crime in our neighborhoods is running rampant." In full context, Barkley was using the line to justify the need for armed defense against black men.
However, just as a Jheri curl would be wrong no matter how you dressed it up today, the line "There are more black men in jail than in college" is wrong no matter how you contextualize, qualify or articulate it.
Today there are approximately 600,000 more black men in college than in jail, and the best research evidence suggests that the line was never true to begin with. In this two-part entry in Show Me the Numbers, the Journal of Negro Education's monthly series for The Root, I examine the dubious origins, widespread use and harmful effects of what is arguably the most frequently quoted statistic about black men in the United States.
Basis for the Myth
More than 10 years ago, the Justice Policy Institute released the report "Cellblocks or Classrooms." While the report should have been a wake-up call to policymakers, one line resonated and echoed more than any other: "Nearly a third more African-American men are incarcerated than in higher education."
JPI has yet to acknowledge that today the enrollment of black males in college is drastically different from when it published "Cellblocks or Classrooms." If we replicated JPI's analysis by downloading enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics' Integrated Post‐Secondary Education Data System (IPEDS), we would find a 108.5 percent jump in black male college enrollment from 2001 to 2011. The raw numbers show that enrollment of black males increased from 693,044 in 2001 to 1,445,194 in 2011.
In September 2012, in response to the Congressional Black Caucus Foundation's screening of the film Hoodwinked, directed by Janks Morton, JPI issued a press release titled, "JPI Stands by Data in 2002 on Education and Incarceration." However, if one examines the IPEDS data from 2001 to 2011, it is clear that many colleges and universities were not reporting JPI's data 10 years ago.
In 2011, 4,503 colleges and universities across the United States reported having at least one black male student. In 2001, only 2,734 colleges and universities reported having at least one black male student, with more than 1,000 not reporting any data at all. When perusing the IPEDS list of colleges with significant black male populations today but none reported in 2001, I noticed several historically black colleges and universities, including Bowie State University, and my own alma mater, Temple University. Ironically, I was enrolled at Temple as a doctoral candidate in 2001.
As a researcher who uses large data sets, I understand the inherent margin of error associated with such analysis. However, I do think that JPI shows arrogance and imprudence when it "stands by" its original findings today. The increase in black male college enrollment over the past 10 years is due to three primary factors: 1. IPEDS more precisely tracking enrollment (artificial gains), 2. social advancements (authentic gains) and 3. the rise of community and for-profit colleges (authentic gains).
Myth Lives on Despite Change
The top 10 colleges for enrolling black males consist of three for-profit colleges, four community colleges and three public four-year institutions. The University of Phoenix online campus reported 847 black male students in 2001 and 21,802 in 2011, making it the nation's top enroller of black male students. Second is Ashford University, which reported 23 black males in 2001 and 15,081 in 2011.
Importantly, black male representation in higher education is proportional to black male representation in the adult population. However, lack of adequate guidance and academic rigor in high schools has resulted in black males being underrepresented at competitive universities like Rutgers and overrepresented at community colleges and online universities.
Consider this: If all 1,127,170 black males who were enrolled in undergraduate programs in 2010 eventually graduated, the total number of black males with college degrees would increase by 71 percent, nearly achieving parity with white males. However, we will not sufficiently support black male college students -- nor college-bound students -- if we simply keep perpetuating the myth that juxtaposes their needs with those of black males in the criminal-justice system.
Next week we examine the nation's persistent problem with mass incarceration among black men and why it has little to do with black male presence at colleges and universities. We also outline some of the unintended consequences of spreading the myth, ultimately in order to start a new agenda to increase college persistence and reduce incarceration for black males.
It's been more than 20 years since the Jheri curl faded away into infamy, and I'm proud to say that even in the 1980s, I never sported a curl. Unfortunately, I can't say the same about the line "There are more black men in jail than in college."
I was in good company. The same year, at a 2007 NAACP forum, then-presidential candidate Barack Obama said, "We have more work to do when more young black men languish in prison than attend colleges and universities across America."
Both President Obama and I brought our own unique style to the line. I was deferential and academic, while President Obama was passionate and eloquent. In contrast, many people, like Charles Barkley, are reckless and aloof when they use the line. Recently he told Bob Costas, "You know, we as black people always, we don't have respect for one another. You know, we've got more black men in prison than we do in college, and crime in our neighborhoods is running rampant." In full context, Barkley was using the line to justify the need for armed defense against black men.
However, just as a Jheri curl would be wrong no matter how you dressed it up today, the line "There are more black men in jail than in college" is wrong no matter how you contextualize, qualify or articulate it.
Today there are approximately 600,000 more black men in college than in jail, and the best research evidence suggests that the line was never true to begin with. In this two-part entry in Show Me the Numbers, the Journal of Negro Education's monthly series for The Root, I examine the dubious origins, widespread use and harmful effects of what is arguably the most frequently quoted statistic about black men in the United States.
Basis for the Myth
More than 10 years ago, the Justice Policy Institute released the report "Cellblocks or Classrooms." While the report should have been a wake-up call to policymakers, one line resonated and echoed more than any other: "Nearly a third more African-American men are incarcerated than in higher education."
JPI has yet to acknowledge that today the enrollment of black males in college is drastically different from when it published "Cellblocks or Classrooms." If we replicated JPI's analysis by downloading enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics' Integrated Post‐Secondary Education Data System (IPEDS), we would find a 108.5 percent jump in black male college enrollment from 2001 to 2011. The raw numbers show that enrollment of black males increased from 693,044 in 2001 to 1,445,194 in 2011.
In September 2012, in response to the Congressional Black Caucus Foundation's screening of the film Hoodwinked, directed by Janks Morton, JPI issued a press release titled, "JPI Stands by Data in 2002 on Education and Incarceration." However, if one examines the IPEDS data from 2001 to 2011, it is clear that many colleges and universities were not reporting JPI's data 10 years ago.
In 2011, 4,503 colleges and universities across the United States reported having at least one black male student. In 2001, only 2,734 colleges and universities reported having at least one black male student, with more than 1,000 not reporting any data at all. When perusing the IPEDS list of colleges with significant black male populations today but none reported in 2001, I noticed several historically black colleges and universities, including Bowie State University, and my own alma mater, Temple University. Ironically, I was enrolled at Temple as a doctoral candidate in 2001.
As a researcher who uses large data sets, I understand the inherent margin of error associated with such analysis. However, I do think that JPI shows arrogance and imprudence when it "stands by" its original findings today. The increase in black male college enrollment over the past 10 years is due to three primary factors: 1. IPEDS more precisely tracking enrollment (artificial gains), 2. social advancements (authentic gains) and 3. the rise of community and for-profit colleges (authentic gains).
Myth Lives on Despite Change
Black male on Twitter: Son, there are more black men in Trenton State Prison than in every college in NJ [New Jersey]. This is a sad fact of the struggle. @toldson is wrong.Technology, costs, demographic shifts and emerging occupational requirements are creating fundamental changes in the higher-education landscape. In 2001 four HBCUs were among the top 10 for enrolling black males. In 2011 no HBCUs were in the top 10, and only one (Florida A&M University) was in the top 10.
@toldson: NJ has 63 colleges that enroll 25,473 total black males. Essex CC [Community College] has most. The total (all race) prison population in NJ is 24,590.
Black male on Twitter: @toldson I suppose if we count 2 year institutes perhaps the numbers get better, but when I attend a class at Rutgers with 275, no way I should be of 1.
@toldson: This is the way. Rutgers has a student body of 52,471 and only 1,261 black males. My numbers aren't always pretty, but they're real.
The top 10 colleges for enrolling black males consist of three for-profit colleges, four community colleges and three public four-year institutions. The University of Phoenix online campus reported 847 black male students in 2001 and 21,802 in 2011, making it the nation's top enroller of black male students. Second is Ashford University, which reported 23 black males in 2001 and 15,081 in 2011.
Importantly, black male representation in higher education is proportional to black male representation in the adult population. However, lack of adequate guidance and academic rigor in high schools has resulted in black males being underrepresented at competitive universities like Rutgers and overrepresented at community colleges and online universities.
Consider this: If all 1,127,170 black males who were enrolled in undergraduate programs in 2010 eventually graduated, the total number of black males with college degrees would increase by 71 percent, nearly achieving parity with white males. However, we will not sufficiently support black male college students -- nor college-bound students -- if we simply keep perpetuating the myth that juxtaposes their needs with those of black males in the criminal-justice system.
Next week we examine the nation's persistent problem with mass incarceration among black men and why it has little to do with black male presence at colleges and universities. We also outline some of the unintended consequences of spreading the myth, ultimately in order to start a new agenda to increase college persistence and reduce incarceration for black males.
Ivory A. Toldson, Ph.D., is a tenured
associate professor at Howard University, senior research analyst for
the Congressional Black Caucus Foundation, editor-in-chief of the
Journal of Negro Education and contributing education editor for The Root. He can be contacted at itoldson@howard.edu. Follow him on Twitter.
Links:
[1] http://www.theroot.com/users/ivorytoldson
[2] http://twitter.com/share
[3] http://www.theroot.com/printmail/70307
[4] http://www.theroot.com/javascript: void(0);
[5] http://www.cbcfinc.org/images/pdf/breaking_barriers.pdf
[6] http://voices.washingtonpost.com/fact-checker/2007/10/young_black_males_headed_for_e_1.html
[7] http://www.theblaze.com/stories/2012/12/05/charles-barkley-talks-guns-with-bob-costas-i-carry-a-gun-because-i-just-feel-safer-with-it/
[8] https://www.facebook.com/theRoot
[9] https://twitter.com/theroot247
[10] http://www.justicepolicy.org/research/2046
[11] http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds/datacenter/Default.aspx
[12] http://whatblackmenthink.com/hoodwinked/
[13] http://www.justicepolicy.org/news/4458
[14] mailto:itoldson@howard.edu
[15] https://twitter.com/toldson
[16] http://www.theroot.com/category/views-tags/justice-policy-institute
[17] http://www.theroot.com/category/views-tags/black-crime-myths
[18] http://www.theroot.com/category/views-tags/black-college-vs-prison
[19] http://www.theroot.com/category/views-tags/black-men-college-0
[20] http://www.theroot.com/category/views-tags/black-men-prison
[21] http://www.theroot.com/category/views-tags/blacks-and-academics
[22] http://www.theroot.com/category/views-tags/blacks-and-crime
[23] http://www.theroot.com/category/views-tags/more-black-men-prison-college
[24] http://www.theroot.com/category/views-tags/show-me-numbers
[25] http://www.theroot.com/views/Culture
[26] http://www.theroot.com/print/70307
[27] http://www.theroot.com/views/how-billie-jean-video-changed-game
[28] http://www.theroot.com/views/government-isnt-strangling-broadband
[29] http://www.theroot.com/views/find-where-your-slave-ancestors-are-buried
[30] http://www.theroot.com/views/why-onions-crappy-apology-worthless?wpisrc=nextbox
---------------------------------------------
Retire the Myth: Black Men, Jail and College
Posted: March 7, 2013
Show Me the Numbers: More on the falsehood and how it's caused a missed opportunity to solve real issues.
(The Root)
-- "There are more black men in jail than in college" is a line that has
transfigured our understanding of persistent problems among black men
in the United States. Many activists and scholars recite it to invoke
urgency to fight unjust social structures, while culture critics say it
to condemn the social failings of black men. The line is memorable,
immutable, provocative and piercing, but as I revealed last week, it is not true.
This realization creates a sense of reprieve and ambivalence among many black people. Since the first article was released, many have argued that the rate of graduation among black males is still too low, and the rate of incarceration is too high -- assertions I will not dispute. However, the natures of these issues are different and should not be contorted to produce a pedestrian soundbite.
The Overrepresentation of Black Men in Prison Continues to Be a Problem
Trends (pdf) over the last 10 years reveal long-standing racial disparities in sentencing and incarcerating black men in the U.S. According to the Department of Justice, there were 841,000 black men in jail and prisons in 2009, 49,400 more than there were in 2000; however, the rate of incarceration dropped slightly. Although the rate increase among white males was higher during that time period, the current rate for black males is still almost seven times that of white males. In 2009, black males represented 40 percent of the total male prison population, compared with 45 percent in 2000.
In many ways, propagandizing "Cellblocks or Classrooms?" the report that started the myth, led to the black community missing an opportunity to deal with a pressing issue. Beyond the numerical flaws, "Cellblocks or Classrooms?" argued for responsible allocation of public resources from state and federal governments. Recent evidence suggests that priorities to incarcerate compete against priorities to educate. Louisiana, the state with the highest rate of incarceration among males, has the lowest percentage of black males who have completed college (9 percent).
Other states with low percentages of black males who completed
college (9 to 10 percent), including Mississippi, Arkansas and South
Carolina, also had incarceration rates well above the national average.
By contrast, Vermont, the state with the highest percentage of black
males with college degrees (46 percent), has one of the lowest
incarceration rates.
We might miss an opportunity again. Recently, a new popular soundbite has emerged. The line "More black men are in prison today than were enslaved in 1850" has become the favorite takeaway from a remarkable book called The New Jim Crow by Michelle Alexander. Alfred Edmond Jr. explained the flaws in such a statement in his article for Black Enterprise, so I won't repeat them here. Instead, I'll offer lines from an article I wrote last year that focus the problem away from black men and onto the system:
Raising Expectations
"This has negative effects on both ends, as teachers formulate stereotypes about black male students, and these students fight less to battle those stereotypes. The result is the academic failure of black male students who feel as though the school system failed them long before they gave up on the system." --White female teacher, New York City
I remember showing the film Bring Your 'A' Game to a group of black male high school students in Harrisburg, Pa. In the movie, narrator Mario Van Peebles emphatically states, "There are more black men in prison than in college -- that's a fact!"
When the movie concluded, I asked the young men to react to that specific line. Their response was sullen and disappointed. When I told them the real numbers, their mood immediately changed to hopeful and inspired. Producer Clarence L. Terry shared similar experiences with young men in his movie Expectations of the System.
In addition, the idea that we are losing black males in college to the criminal-justice system leads to the erroneous conclusion that violence-prevention and gang-abatement programs will increase college enrollment among black males. Merely achieving college enrollment levels that exceed incarceration is not an acceptable objective. Black males need programs -- like honors and Advanced Placement classes, academic advisement and academic clubs -- to help them excel in school and graduate from college.
Conclusion, Context, Dissection and the Surge of White Women in Prison
According to the Department of Justice (pdf), between 2000 and 2009 the rate increase among white women in jails and prisons was greater than any other race-gender group. During the 10-year period, the rate of incarceration decreased for black men by 0.6 percent, decreased for black women by 12 percent and increased for white women by 44 percent. In 2000 there were more black women in prison than any other race of women. By 2009, at 92,100, the white female prison population was nearly as high as the black female (64,800) and Hispanic female (32,300) prison populations combined.
These are factual statements, but skeptics will point out that because of "regression toward the mean," percent changes are illusive in comparisons between the large starting point of the black male incarceration rate and the small starting point of the white female incarceration rate. However, a 44 percent rate increase is not a complete anomaly, and many who work within the prison system attribute the gains to the rise of crystal meth use among poor rural white women.
Dissecting and contextualizing stats pertaining to white people is natural. We should apply the same diligence when seeking to understand stats about black people. The prison-to-college population comparison, from its onset, has been dubious because it essentially compares college life, a time- and age-restricted experience, with prison life, a condition with an unlimited range of sentences and ages.
The census estimates that approximately 17,945,068 people in the U.S. population are black males, of all ages. Among them, about 6.3 percent are in college, and 4.7 percent are in prison. The remaining 89 percent have already finished college, already served a prison sentence, have a life trajectory that does not involve college or prison or are too young for either to apply.
A young advocate for social justice named Derecka Purnell once asked me, "How do you balance your research on black male achievement with a possible decrease in urgency to help black boys?" My response was, "Urgency based on hyperbole and conjecture should decrease. Urgency based on truth and compassion will endure."
Ivory A. Toldson, Ph.D., is a tenured associate professor at Howard University, senior research analyst for the Congressional Black Caucus Foundation, editor-in-chief of the Journal of Negro Education and contributing education editor for The Root. He can be contacted at itoldson@howard.edu. Follow him on Twitter.
This realization creates a sense of reprieve and ambivalence among many black people. Since the first article was released, many have argued that the rate of graduation among black males is still too low, and the rate of incarceration is too high -- assertions I will not dispute. However, the natures of these issues are different and should not be contorted to produce a pedestrian soundbite.
The Overrepresentation of Black Men in Prison Continues to Be a Problem
Trends (pdf) over the last 10 years reveal long-standing racial disparities in sentencing and incarcerating black men in the U.S. According to the Department of Justice, there were 841,000 black men in jail and prisons in 2009, 49,400 more than there were in 2000; however, the rate of incarceration dropped slightly. Although the rate increase among white males was higher during that time period, the current rate for black males is still almost seven times that of white males. In 2009, black males represented 40 percent of the total male prison population, compared with 45 percent in 2000.
In many ways, propagandizing "Cellblocks or Classrooms?" the report that started the myth, led to the black community missing an opportunity to deal with a pressing issue. Beyond the numerical flaws, "Cellblocks or Classrooms?" argued for responsible allocation of public resources from state and federal governments. Recent evidence suggests that priorities to incarcerate compete against priorities to educate. Louisiana, the state with the highest rate of incarceration among males, has the lowest percentage of black males who have completed college (9 percent).
Other states with low percentages of black males who completed
college (9 to 10 percent), including Mississippi, Arkansas and South
Carolina, also had incarceration rates well above the national average.
By contrast, Vermont, the state with the highest percentage of black
males with college degrees (46 percent), has one of the lowest
incarceration rates.We might miss an opportunity again. Recently, a new popular soundbite has emerged. The line "More black men are in prison today than were enslaved in 1850" has become the favorite takeaway from a remarkable book called The New Jim Crow by Michelle Alexander. Alfred Edmond Jr. explained the flaws in such a statement in his article for Black Enterprise, so I won't repeat them here. Instead, I'll offer lines from an article I wrote last year that focus the problem away from black men and onto the system:
After the dust settled from the Iran-Contra scandal, the War on Drugs continued to function as the middle passage between poor black neighborhoods and prison industries that thrived on cheap prison labor. Inmates with better health and lower security risk typically worked for a prison industry called UNICOR for about 23 cents per hour. In 2008, UNICOR reported $854.3 million in sales, nearly twice their earnings of 1996. From this, one can surmise that a system that gives longer prison sentences to less violent offenders can generate a healthy profit.No, this is not as easy to say or digest, but it is a more accurate depiction of the link between slavery and the prison industrial complex. Read The New Jim Crow to get a clearer perspective on the systemic challenges and policy solutions for mass incarceration among black males.
Raising Expectations
"This has negative effects on both ends, as teachers formulate stereotypes about black male students, and these students fight less to battle those stereotypes. The result is the academic failure of black male students who feel as though the school system failed them long before they gave up on the system." --White female teacher, New York City
I remember showing the film Bring Your 'A' Game to a group of black male high school students in Harrisburg, Pa. In the movie, narrator Mario Van Peebles emphatically states, "There are more black men in prison than in college -- that's a fact!"
When the movie concluded, I asked the young men to react to that specific line. Their response was sullen and disappointed. When I told them the real numbers, their mood immediately changed to hopeful and inspired. Producer Clarence L. Terry shared similar experiences with young men in his movie Expectations of the System.
In addition, the idea that we are losing black males in college to the criminal-justice system leads to the erroneous conclusion that violence-prevention and gang-abatement programs will increase college enrollment among black males. Merely achieving college enrollment levels that exceed incarceration is not an acceptable objective. Black males need programs -- like honors and Advanced Placement classes, academic advisement and academic clubs -- to help them excel in school and graduate from college.
Conclusion, Context, Dissection and the Surge of White Women in Prison
According to the Department of Justice (pdf), between 2000 and 2009 the rate increase among white women in jails and prisons was greater than any other race-gender group. During the 10-year period, the rate of incarceration decreased for black men by 0.6 percent, decreased for black women by 12 percent and increased for white women by 44 percent. In 2000 there were more black women in prison than any other race of women. By 2009, at 92,100, the white female prison population was nearly as high as the black female (64,800) and Hispanic female (32,300) prison populations combined.
These are factual statements, but skeptics will point out that because of "regression toward the mean," percent changes are illusive in comparisons between the large starting point of the black male incarceration rate and the small starting point of the white female incarceration rate. However, a 44 percent rate increase is not a complete anomaly, and many who work within the prison system attribute the gains to the rise of crystal meth use among poor rural white women.
Dissecting and contextualizing stats pertaining to white people is natural. We should apply the same diligence when seeking to understand stats about black people. The prison-to-college population comparison, from its onset, has been dubious because it essentially compares college life, a time- and age-restricted experience, with prison life, a condition with an unlimited range of sentences and ages.
The census estimates that approximately 17,945,068 people in the U.S. population are black males, of all ages. Among them, about 6.3 percent are in college, and 4.7 percent are in prison. The remaining 89 percent have already finished college, already served a prison sentence, have a life trajectory that does not involve college or prison or are too young for either to apply.
A young advocate for social justice named Derecka Purnell once asked me, "How do you balance your research on black male achievement with a possible decrease in urgency to help black boys?" My response was, "Urgency based on hyperbole and conjecture should decrease. Urgency based on truth and compassion will endure."
Ivory A. Toldson, Ph.D., is a tenured associate professor at Howard University, senior research analyst for the Congressional Black Caucus Foundation, editor-in-chief of the Journal of Negro Education and contributing education editor for The Root. He can be contacted at itoldson@howard.edu. Follow him on Twitter.
Links:
[1] http://www.theroot.com/users/ivorytoldson
[2] http://twitter.com/share
[3] http://www.theroot.com/printmail/70481
[4] http://www.theroot.com/javascript: void(0);
[5] http://www.theroot.com/views/more-black-men-jail-college-wrong
[6] http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/pub/pdf/pim09st.pdf
[7] http://www.justicepolicy.org/research/2046
[8] http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/10/12/michelle-alexander-more-black-men-in-prison-slaves-1850_n_1007368.html
[9] http://www.amazon.com/dp/1595586431/ref=as_li_ss_til?tag=root04c-20&camp=0&creative=0&linkCode=as4&creativeASIN=1595586431&adid=0P0Y24DH058H6CZ7PJFC
[10] http://www.blackenterprise.com/news/are-there-really-more-blacks-in-prison-than-were-in-slavery/
[11] http://www.empowermagazine.com/four-fathers-and-one-big-brother-coming-of-age-with-tupac-in-the-ashes-of-the-black-power-movement/
[12] http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1293748/
[13] http://works.bepress.com/lterry/1/
[14] mailto:itoldson@howard.edu
[15] https://twitter.com/toldson
[16] https://www.facebook.com/theRoot
[17] https://twitter.com/theroot247
[18] http://www.theroot.com/views/Politics
[19] http://www.theroot.com/category/views-tags/black-education-gap
[20] http://www.theroot.com/category/views-tags/black-education-myths
[21] http://www.theroot.com/category/views-tags/black-incarceration-rates
[22] http://www.theroot.com/category/views-tags/black-men-college-and-jail
[23] http://www.theroot.com/category/views-tags/black-men-jail
[24] http://www.theroot.com/category/views-tags/black-women-jail
[25] http://www.theroot.com/category/views-tags/blacks-jail
[26] http://www.theroot.com/category/views-tags/college-v-jail
[27] http://www.theroot.com/category/views-tags/debunking-myths-about-blacks
[28] http://www.theroot.com/category/views-tags/more-black-men-college-jail
[29] http://www.theroot.com/category/views-tags/more-black-men-jail-college
[30] http://www.theroot.com/category/views-tags/myths-about-black-education
[31] http://www.theroot.com/category/views-tags/show-me-numbers
[32] http://www.theroot.com/category/views-tags/white-women-jail
[33] http://www.theroot.com/print/70481
[34] http://www.theroot.com/views/how-billie-jean-video-changed-game
[35] http://www.theroot.com/views/government-isnt-strangling-broadband
[36] http://www.theroot.com/views/find-where-your-slave-ancestors-are-buried
[37] http://www.theroot.com/views/thank-god-were-not-stuck-romneys?wpisrc=nextbox
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